Nanocrystalline Toothpaste Formulation of Usnic Acid and Antibacterial Activity Test Against Streptococcus Mutans
Abstract
Usnic acid is a secondary metabolic compound derived from the genus usnea which has antibacterial activity. This study aims to determine the formulation of usnic acid nanocrystalline toothpaste and its antibacterial activity. The formula was prepared in four concentrations, namely F0 (1% usnic acid nanocrystals without preservatives), F1 (preservative only), F2 (2% usnic acid nanocrystals), F3 (3% usnic acid nanocrystals) and F4 (4% usnic acid nanocrystals). All formulas were tested for physicochemical characteristics (organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, foam formation) and tested for antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans. The results of the physicochemical characteristics test showed that all formulas met the physicochemical quality requirements of toothpaste. Antibacterial activity test with well method produced inhibition diameters of F0 (12.87 mm), F1 (6.26 mm), F2 (13.79 mm), F3 (14.16 mm), F4 (14.47 mm) and Positive Control 22.26 mm. Statistical results using the One Way ANOVA method at the 95% level of confidence, followed by Duncan's test showed that there was a significant difference in the diameter of inhibition between each formula.
References
[1] Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Laporan Riset Kesehatan dasar 2018, Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2019.
[2] Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Situasi kesehatan gigi dan mulut 2019, Jakarta: Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2020.
[3] Pratiwi, R., ”Perbedaan daya hambat terhadap Streptococcus mutans dari beberapa pasta gigi yang mengandung herbal ( The difference of inhibition zones toward Streptococcus mutans among several herbal toothpaste)”, Maj.Ked.Gigi (Dent. J.), vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 64-67
[4] Kidd & Edwina A. M., Dasar- Dasar Karies Penyakit Dan Penanggulangannya, Jakarta: EGC, 1991.
[5] Francolini, I., Norris, P., Poizzi, A., Donelli, G., &Stoodley, P. “Usnic Acid, a Natural Antimicrobial Agent Able to Inhibit Bacterial Biofilm Formation on Polymer Surface”. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 4360-4365, 2004.
[6] Ingolfsdottir, K. “Moleculer of interest Usnic acid”. Phytochemistry, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 729-736, 2002.
[7] Rawat, M., Singh, D & Saraf, S. “Nanocarriers: promising vehicle for bioactive drugs”. Biology Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 60-67, 2006.
[8] Khetawat, S., & Lodha, S. “Nanotechnology (Nanohydroxypatite Crystals): Recent Advancement in Treatment of Dentinal Hypersensitivity”. Journal of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Dental Science, vol. 3, no. 3, pp.1-4, 2015.
[9] Davies, R., Scully, C., & Preston, A. J. “Dentifrices - an update”. Biomaterials and Bioengineering in Dentistry, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 976–982, 2010.
[10] Abhay, S., Dinimath, B.M. &Hullatti, K.K. “Formulation and Spectral Analysis of New Poly Herbal Toothpaste”. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 68-74, 2014.
[11] Sari, N. P. Pengaruh Konsentrasi Poloxamer 188 Terhadap Karakteristik Fisikokimia Nanokristal Asam Usnat (Skripsi). Padang: STIFARM Padang. 2018.
[12] Afni, N., Said, N., & Yuliet. “Uji aktivitas antibakteri pasta gigi ekstrak biji pinang (Areca catechu L.) terhadap Streptococcus mutans dan Staphylococcus aureus. GALENIKA” Journal of pharmacy, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 48-58, 2015.
[13] Badan Standardisasi Nasional, “Standar Nasional Indonesia No. 8861tentang Pasta gigi”. Jakarta, Indonesia, 2020.
[14] Tanabe, T., M., Takakhasi, K., Shimoyama, Y., Toyoshima and Ueno, T. “Effects of Rehydration and Food Consumption on Salivary Flow, pH and Buffering Capacity in Young Adult Volunteers during Ergometer Exercise”. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Vol. 10, no. 49, pp. 1-6, 2013.
[15] Sidoretno, M.,S. A.Y. Nasution. Analisis Fisikokimia Pasta Gigi yang Mengandung Kalsium berasal dari Tulang Ikan Patin (Pangasius Hypophthalmus), Jurnal Farmasi Higea, vol 12, no.2, 2020.
[16] Badan Standardisasi Nasional, “Standar Nasional Indonesia No. 12-3524-1995 tentang Pasta gigi”. Jakarta, Indonesia, 1995.
[17] Retnaningsih, A., A. Primadiamanti., I. Marisa, Uji daya hambat ekstrak etanol biji papaya terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli dan Shigella dysentriae dengan Metode Difusi Sumuran, Jurnal Analis Farmasi, vol. 4, no. 2, pp.122-129, 2019.
[18] Sepahvand, A. E.S-Sroka, P. Ramak, V. Karimian., “ Usnea sp: Antimicrobial potential, bioactive compounds, ethnopharmacological uses and other pharmacological properties; a review article”. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 268, 113656, 2021.
[19] Maghfirah, F., Saputri, D., & Basri. “Aktivitas Pembentukan Biofilm Streptococcus mutan dan Candida albicans Setelah Dipapar Dengan Cigarette Smoke Condensate dan Minuman Probiotik”, Journal Caninus Denstistry, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 12-19, 2017.
[20] Manja, K, N., “Review On-Ingredients Used In Toothpaste Formulation”, Indian Journal of Medical reseach and Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol 7, no. 9, pp. 9-15, 2020.
